In a recent five-part series in the New England Journal of Medicine on the future of primary care, the author asks:

"Has the long-term general doctor become obsolete? In other words, should the dying primary care system be saved?"

The question itself is unsettling. Could a health system function effectively without primary care? What happens to patients when no one is responsible for truly caring about them and guiding them safely through the health care system? Today many, perhaps most, Americans don't have a doctor like that. But is that okay?

Research by one of the hosts, based on thousands of recorded physician–patient encounters, suggests that physicians who consider the circumstances, needs, and priorities of each patient when planning their care are uncommon.

In this episode, we introduce you to a primary care physician with his own practice in a mid-size Western city who, like many others — but far too few — provides this indispensable service to his community. He is a skilled and deeply knowledgeable clinician, a caring advocate who knows his patients well and finds the work deeply rewarding, despite the daily frustrations of insurance denials, specialists who don't return calls, and a payment system that measures almost everything except how well physicians care for people when they are sick.

There is also a major medical education challenge. What is poorly understood is that producing an excellent primary care physician is often harder than producing an excellent specialist. The work depends less on mastering technical procedures and more on integrating complex information, building long-term relationships, and making collaborative decisions under conditions of uncertainty.

Far too few graduates of U.S. medical schools and residency programs are being prepared for — or supported in — this kind of work. In a profit-driven health system that can at times be predatory, where patients are exposed to unnecessary procedures while their mental health and well-being are overlooked, the absence of accessible, high-quality primary care leaves patients vulnerable and often very alone.

Forty-five percent of patients who die by suicide saw a primary care physician in the prior month. Physicians screen for suicide risk just half the time when seeing patients under treatment of depression. Meanwhile, suicide rates continue to rise in the United States and are the second leading cause of death among young people. In this episode, Saul interviews co-host Stefan, who is leading a national study of suicide in patients on chronic opioids who take their own lives after their physician tapered or cut off their opioids without their consent. They discuss the rich literature, theoretical and empirical, on why people take their lives, what stops them, and what a caring health professional can do to make a difference.

Please note: if you are in crisis, US-based crisis supports are available by calling 988, and at https://988lifeline.org. An international listing of hotlines is offered at https://blog.opencounseling.com/suicide-hotlines/.

Unfortunately, bad leadership is common, with 50% of American's leaving a job because of a bad boss, and medicine is no exception. Saul and Stefan, with a combined 60 years in academic medicine and clinical practice, share personal experiences and anecdotes that highlight the characteristics of dysfunctional and toxic leaders, and discuss their implications for health care training and practice environment, including the trickledown effect on patients. They consider why and how bad leaders end up in positions of power, and what to do about it, acknowledging the difficulties in identifying and promoting effective leaders.

Writing about the illness experience, medical sociologist Richard Frank described an unspoken agreement with his doctor that if he adopted their detached and clinical language when discussing his illness, "I would have at least a junior place on the management team." Initially it seemed like "not a bad deal," until he experienced the toll it took, concluding that, "No one should have to stay cool and professional while being told their body is breaking down, though medical patients always have to do just that."

Through three poems selected by our repeat guest, English professor Laura Greene of Augustana College, we see the pain and cost to patients when their doctors and nurses hold them at arm's length, unable or unwilling to see their humanity. We reflect on why, and what to do about it.

A growing number of US states and other nations are legalizing either voluntary euthanasia in which a physician (or designate) administers lethal drugs, or physician-assisted dying in which the drugs are given to the patient to self-administer. Our guest, Erica Baccus, tells us about her husband's determination to end his life rather than die of Alzheimer's disease, and the journey they took to Switzerland to make it possible (US laws don't apply to dementia). His wishes were unquestionably honored. At the same time the procedure has implications we find troubling, especially for what it can mean for the doctor-patient relationship, such as in Canada where some physicians are now killing several of their patients a week.

For years, doctors and those learning to practice medicine were told pain is "the fifth vital sign" and to treat it aggressively – including with opioids, "if that's what it takes." A consequent rise in opioid prescribing contributed to the devastating opioid crisis.

Then the pendulum swung in the opposite direction, hard, with physicians cutting off opioid prescribing to patients, often without their consent. That too led to suffering with many deaths by suicide. What do these two seemingly opposing trends share in common? Both reflect a failure to embrace current knowledge about chronic pain and to bring compassion and caring to people who are suffering.

Co-hosts Saul Weiner and Stefan Kertesz discuss the implications from two perspectives: Medical learners are still taught to treat chronic pain like a simple bodily injury ("somatically") with the caveat to avoid opioids, spurring apathy and frustration. Stefan, an addiction medicine specialist who has been conducting a national study of suicides related to forced opioid tapers, argues that we have "become addicted to talking about opioids" rather than about all the good we could do if we applied current knowledge and compassion to help people who are suffering.

From the 1940 to the 1970's, medicine went from an almost exclusively male club to a profession in which women physicians were commonplace.

Our physician guest is Dr. Anne Walling, who has written a book about the experiences of 37 women who attended a Midwestern medical school, Women in Medicine: Stories from the Girls in White

This was a time when pornographic images appeared in lecture slides, and sexual harassment and discrimination in the job market were ubiquitous.

Despite the misogyny, the women interviewed nearly all expressed gratitude that they were able to have such meaningful, rewarding, and stimulating careers.

Our guest told us that her interviewees described reunions where male colleagues seemed burned out and cynical, while many of these women remained upbeat and excited about their medical work.

What can we learn from the story of women's entry into mainstream medicine? How has the profession been changed (or not) by their presence?