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In terms of geopolitics, perhaps the most seminal event of the Middle Ages was the successful Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1453. The city had been an imperial capital as far back as the fourth century when Constantine the Great shifted the power center of the Roman Empire there effectively establishing two almost equally powerful halves of antiquity’s greatest empire. Constantinople would continue to serve as the capital of the Byzantine Empire even after the Western half of the Roman Empire collapsed in the late fifth century.

Se Atatürk volle una Turchia laica e occidentale, oggi Erdogan va nella direzione opposta. Il paese sta assistendo infatti a una rapidissima reislamizzazione, segno che ottant'anni di laicismo di stato non hanno mai scalfito davvero l'islamismo delle masse. Dopo il recente golpe mancato, impadronitosi di ogni apparato statale, abbandonato ogni discorso europeo, Erdogan mira a far diventare la Turchia leader di un'area vastissima (che ricalca quella dell'antico impero ottomano) e paese guida dei sunniti.

It is believed that the Circassians—the English translation of the Turkish term Cherkess—emerged as a discrete society or entity around the 10th century CE, although there are references to them before this. In fact, the Circassians are believed to be the oldest indigenous people of the North Caucasus and self-identified as Adyghe. Historians believe the first settlers appeared some 300,000 years ago. Nevertheless, the history and culture of Circassia and the Circassians is largely unknown in the English-speaking and wider world outside Central Asia and the Caucasus.

The Ottoman Empire lasted more than six centuries. Its soldiers fought, died, and conquered lands on three different continents, making it one of the few stable multi-ethnic empires in history - and likely one of the last. Thus, it's somewhat inevitable that the history of its dissolution is at the heart of complex geopolitical disputes, as well as sectarian tensions that are still key to understanding the Middle East, North Africa and the Balkans.

It doesn’t seem like Enver Pasha was a good man. His war crimes caused the deaths of millions of innocent citizens. Sure, during a war and a collapsing empire, you try to do what you can to stop losing, but I doubt anyone in their right mind can justify his actions, which included the slaughter of minorities in the Ottoman Empire during World War One, and even the Armenian Genocide. And to this day, the Turkish government is still somewhat reluctant to acknowledge the severity of that historical atrocity.

Over the course of just 200 years, the Ottoman Empire grew from a small, obscure Anatolian state into the most powerful Muslim nation in the world, controlling vast swathes of the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and North Africa. Within the empire, science, medicine, technology, and art flourished, and the Ottoman army became one of the most feared and efficient fighting forces in existence. Then came a period of gradual decline.

Napoleon Bonaparte’s Invasion of the Levant: The History and Legacy of the French Campaign in Syria chronicles one of the French leader’s most forgotten campaigns. You will learn about the French invasion of the Levant like never before.

By revolutionizing and modernizing Russian arms, including the creation of Russia’s first naval force, Peter was able to pursue an aggressive and expansionist foreign policy that set the stage for the way the European map would be redrawn again and again over the coming centuries. Some of those forays were memorably countered by Western Europeans and the Holy League, but the Ottomans’ most frequent foe was the Russian Empire, which opposed them for both geopolitical and religious reasons.

Полная тайн и противоречий, Османская империя простерлась на десятки тысяч километров вдоль границы Востока и Запада. Она оказала колоссальное влияние на историю Европы, будучи совсем на нее не похожа. Сравнимая по масштабу с Римской империей, к концу XVI века она занимала три континента и объединила под своей властью множество языков и народов: ее подданными были албанцы, армяне, греки и многие другие.

The Ottoman Empire was a strong world power for over 600 years beginning in the late 13th century. How did it rise from one man who was given charge of a small parcel of land to an empire that spanned three continents? Why did it begin to lose battle after battle, eventually reaching a point where it was beaten back by its enemies? Which sultans presented the empire with the tools for success and which destroyed the unity? What contributed to its demise?

The Crusades are one of those dark chapters in history that we would rather forget, especially religious people. In name of the church, or other religions, like the Muslim faith, people killed, destroyed, looted, and burned cities to the ground. There is nothing “holy” about attacking and plundering, yet this is what they did. In this book, we’ll explore some of the most important crusades everyone should know about. You will learn to understand better why people started them, what drove them to continue, and what ended them.

The Byzantine Empire has often been overlooked. Yet, this vast empire lasted for hundreds of years, and has had a major impact on world religions and politics, even into the past century. The Byzantine Empire was heavily influenced by the Romans, and Christian culture. Several centuries A.D., it was marked by conquests, emperors, rules, orthodoxy, and the giant capital of Constantinople (which is now Istanbul). They fought the Huns, and many other peoples, to maintain their lands and territories.

Vom demokratischen Aufbruch zur Autokratie – über einen beunruhigenden Wandel. Seit seiner Machtübernahme 2002 hat Recep Tayyip Erdoğan einen radikalen Wandel in der Türkei eingeleitet. Das Land, das einst eine Säule des westlichen Bündnisses war, betreibt eine militaristische Außenpolitik, die sich von Bergkarabach bis Libyen in regionale Krisenherde einmischt. Sein früheres demokratisches Streben, u. a. um eine EU-Mitgliedschaft, ist einer gefährlichen Ein-Mann-Herrschaft gewichen.

En términos de geopolítica, quizás el acontecimiento más importante de la Edad Media fue el exitoso asedio otomano a Constantinopla en 1453.

Yes, I Would Love Another Glass of Tea comprises a series of imaginary letters written to Lady Mary Montagu, whose famous Embassy Letters were written in 1716-1718 during her stay in Turkey as the wife of the English ambassador. The author uses themes dear to Lady Mary, such as culture, art, religion, women and daily life, to reflect on those same topics as encountered during the author's past 30 years of travel in Turkey.

This classic guide to financial success, set in the ancient city of Babylon, will revolutionize your personal finances and earning ability - all in the space of a single sitting. After this book you will never view money the same way again. This special edition, condensed and introduced by award-winning historian and New Thought voice Mitch Horowitz, provides the full lessons of The Richest Man in Babylon, opening the door to your financial empowerment today.

Osman I is one of history’s most important leaders; the founder of the Ottoman Empire, which conquered Asia Minor, most of the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans before reaching the very walls of Vienna. Even after its demise, the politics of the Balkan states are very much influenced by the Ottoman past, and Muslim populations remain in the European lands once occupied by the Ottomans. The Middle East’s politics and conflicts trace back to the dissolution of the empire, and in Turkey, the Ottoman legacy remains a topic of national debate.

The long agony of the “sick man of Europe”, an expression used by the Tsar of Russia to depict the falling Ottoman Empire, could almost blind people to its incredible power and history. Preserving its mixed heritage, coming from both its geographic position rising above the ashes of the Byzantine Empire and the tradition inherited from the Muslim Conquests, the Ottoman Empire lasted more than six centuries. Its soldiers fought, died, and conquered lands on three different continents, making it one of the few stable multi-ethnic empires in history, and likely one of the last.

Elvan Pektaş Deniz’in, Mustafa Kemal’in kaleminden yazılmış mektuplar şeklinde, onun sözlerine sadık kalarak aktardığı bir kitap Yarın Cumhuriyeti İlan Ediyoruz! Her yaştan okuru, İzmir’in kurtuluş heyecanından Cumhuriyetin kuruluşuna kadar olan sürece tanık olmaya çağırıyoruz.

One neighborhood in Istanbul: a window on a city, country, region, and world in a state of upheaval. This program is read by the author. Karagumruk, an Istanbul neighborhood once dominated by Ottoman-era homes, is now known for petty thieves, cheap apartment blocks, and a massive influx of...